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Отец «Татры»

15.08.2024, 23:27 27790 136 Александра Александра

Неизвестный широкой публике австрийский пионер автомобилизации Ганс Ледвинка значительно продвинул некоторые автомобильные технологии и инженерные решения. Вплоть до того, что вдохновил на создание конструкции народного автомобиля своего соотечественника Фердинанда Порше. Ну а в истории он остался как отец «Tatra».

Родился Ганс Ледвинка в 1878 году в небольшом городке Клостернойбург, что недалеко от Вены, которая тогда была столицей Австро-Венгерской империи. Мальчик с юного возраста тяготел к технике и по окончании гимназии отправился постигать техническую науку в Государственную промышленную школу, где и получил диплом инженера.

Работу молодой специалист нашел довольно далеко от родного дома. Ему пришлось отправиться в Моравию в город Копрживнице. Здесь расположилась компания «Nesseldorfer-Wagenbau». Она делала кареты и железнодорожные вагоны.

Как бы это ни показалось странным, но инженер Ледвинка был назначен на должность дизайнера. Шел 1896 год, и мир уже бредил автомобилями. Именно в это время на заводе встретились два неординарных человека Эдмунд Румплер и Ганс Ледвинка. Энтузиасты начали стучаться в дверь начальству, чтобы им разрешили создать автомобильный отдел. И руководство, устав объяснять, что автомобиль — это несерьезно, кивая аж на Кайзера Вильгельма, махнуло рукой и дало ребятам «карт бланш».

Началась работа над автомобилем. И это была не просто машина, а гоночный болид «Nesseldorfer» для графа Теодора фон Либиха. Правда мотор позаимствовали у «Benz». С его двенадцатью лошадиными силами он разгонялся до девяноста километров в час.

Все шло неплохо, но тут проявился очень непростой характер Ледвинки. И он, поссорившись с директором завода, отбыл в Вену.

Прошло несколько лет, и в 1905 году новое руководство завода уговорило Ледвинку вернуться. Уж очень неординарными и опережающими время были разработанные им конструкции. Вернувшись, Ганс создает «Nesseldorfer Type S». Эта модель с трехлитровой четверкой была абсолютно инновационной. На двигателе стояли верхние клапаны, которые приводили в действие кулачки распредвала, и полусферические камеры сгорания.

В 1912 году он становится главным конструктором и начинает строить «Nesseldorfer TypeU» с рядной пятилитровой шестеркой, верхним распредвалом, искровым зажиганием и карбюратором с горизонтальным потоком. Мотор стоял на лестничной раме с полуэллиптическими рессорами. А еще «TypeU» был одним из первых автомобилей с тормозами на передних колесах. Машина получилась очень надежной. И, встав на конвейер в 1915 году, продержалась там до 1925 года. Правда, последние два года она называлась «Tatra 10».

Но а неуживчивый и неугомонный Ганс опять разошелся во взглядах с ретроградами из руководства и в 1917 году покинул Копрживнице.

Его с распростертыми объятиями приняли на «Steyr», где он и проработал до 1921 года.

Тем временем Австро-Венгерская империя распалась после поражения в Первой мировой. Компания «Nesseldorfer» оказалась в новой Чехословакии. И ее на волне подъёма национального самосознания переименовали в честь самых высоких горных вершин Моравии. Она стала «Tatra».

Кстати, сам Ледвинка очень хотел вернуться, но переговоры были трудными. Ганс гордился, что он австриец и говорил только по-немецки, читал и писал тоже. Чешский язык учить отказывался наотрез. А это было неприемлемо для молодой страны.

Именно в это время и пересеклись пути двух великих автомобильных конструкторов. Один из которых уведет у другого идею компактного массового автомобиля. Понятно, что это был Фердинанд Порше.

Приход Ганса Ледвинки на «Tatra» был осознанным. Там ему дали «зеленый свет» для реализации проекта небольшого и дешевого автомобиля. Ведь на «Steyr» про это даже говорить не хотели. А в Копрживнице его поддержали. В 1923 году появилась потрясающая машина «Tatra-11». У нее под капотом был двухцилиндровый мотор с воздушным охлаждением, а несущим основанием была хребтовая рама. То есть, к большой трубе крепились все агрегаты, подвеска и кузов. «Tatra-11» получилась удивительной машиной: удобной, простой и соответственно надежной. И что немаловажно в небогатой послевоенной Европе недорогой.

В конце двадцатых Ледвинка оказался на вершине успеха. А тут еще на «Tatra» в качестве подкрепления взяли его сына Эриха и немецкого инженера Эриха Уберлакера. Это совпало с началом аэродинамического периода легковых машин «Tatra».

Ледвинка тогда поддерживал тесные отношения с венгерским инженером Паулем Яраем, основателем компании «Stromlinien Karosserie Gesellschaft». Участвуя в проектировании знаменитых дирижаблей «Zeppelin», Ярай стал основоположником автомобильной аэродинамики, которой автропроизводители в то время вообще не уделяли внимания.

Сотрудничество всех этих несомненно талантливых людей и привело к рождению самых неординарных и ставших культовыми довоенных машин «Tatra».

А в 1931 году Ледвинка начал работу над прототипом массового автомобиля эконом-класса. Ему был присвоен заводской индекс «V-570». Хотя надо признать, что основную работу над этой машиной взял на себя сын Эрих.

С самого начала новая «Tatra» задумывалась как автомобиль заднемоторный с оппозитным двигателем воздушного охлаждения и несущим днищем. Кузов был обтекаемым, тут была видна рука Ярая.

Кстати, последний прототип «V-570» был продан, и его владелец в течение 30 лет ездил на нем каждый день. Потом передал его в музей  «Tatra». Но выпуск серийной машины так и не состоялся. Руководство решило, что производство больших и роскошных машин гораздо прибыльнее.

И в 1934 году миру явили «Tatra 77». Естественно, она произвела фурор своими линиями, которых еще не видели в серийных автомобилях. У заднемоторной «Tatra» была привычная хребтовая рама и огромный V-8 с воздушным охлаждением мощностью 77 л.с. Передняя и задняя подвеска независимая. А еще одной особенностью этого незаурядного во всех отношениях автомобиля стало широкое использование легких магниевых сплавов.

В 1936 году Ганс Ледвинка еще раз заставил говорить о себе. Появилась «Tatra-87» – апофеоз заднемоторного обтекаемого автомобиля. На одной из выставок на стенд «Tatra» зашел фюрер и сопровождающий его Фердинанд Порше. Они пообщались. Гитлер даже заметил, что новые «Tatra»– это автомобили для его автобанов. Пресса поработала на славу, и фотографии облетели весь мир. Потом это аукнется Гансу.

В этом же году на конвейер в Копрживнице наконец-то встала и народная машина. Это была «Tatra 97». С первого взгляда нетрудно заметить, как много общего у «Volkswagen Kafer» оказалось с этим автомобилем. Что, конечно, не осталось без внимания. И чехо-словаки подали в суд. Он тянулся долго. Решение было принято только в 1961 году. Было признано, что налицо патентное пиратство и «Volkswagen» был вынужден выплатить три миллиона марок.

Но это было потом. А пока история распоряжалась по-своему. В 1939 году гитлеровские войска вторглись в Моравию. Для «Tatra» это стало большим ударом. Завод перешел под контроль Германии. И хотя легковые «Tatra» продолжали делать до 1942 года, основной продукцией стали грузовики.

Вторая мировая война положила конец успехам, да и карьере Ганса Ледвинки. Ведь его конструкторское бюро работало и над военной техникой. После победы Чехословакия вошла в соцлагерь, а Ледвинка был отправлен в тюрьму, где и провел долгие пять лет. После освобождения он отказался вернуться на «Tatra», которая тем временем стала народным предприятием, и уехал в Западную Германию. Где вполне успешно работал на «Steyr-Daimler-Puch», а потом и на «Bosch».

А инженеры «Tatra» тем не менее продолжали дело Ганса Ледвинки. И в конце 50-х была создана модель «603», лимузин советских времен. Необычный силуэт, высокий комфорт, и воздушная восьмерка сзади. Это был, пожалуй, лучший автомобиль представительского класса в Восточной Европе. Вот так, оставаясь в тени социалистических свершений завода «Tatra», Ледвинка прожил долгую жизнь и умер в 1967 году.

 

Материал создан на основе документов архива музея «Татра».

Фото из архива «Татра».

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          To help invite joy back to the table for others — and to keep her family’s culinary heritage alive for her two daughters (now 14 and 22) — Atlanta-based Karadsheh launched The Mediterranean Dish food blog 10 years ago. Quickly, her table started getting filled with more than just her friends and family.

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                        “My parents emphasized joy at the table, rather than anything else,” Karadsheh said. “I grew up with Mediterranean lifestyle principles that celebrate eating with the seasons, eating mostly whole foods and above all else, sharing.”

                        But when Karadsheh moved to the United States at age 16, she witnessed people doing detoxes or restricting certain food groups or ingredients. Surrounded by that narrative and an abundance of new foods in her college dining hall, she says she “gained the freshman 31 instead of the freshman 15.” When she returned home to Egypt that summer, “I eased back into eating the Mediterranean food that I grew up with. During the span of about two months, I shed all of that weight without thinking I was ever on a diet.”
                        To help invite joy back to the table for others — and to keep her family’s culinary heritage alive for her two daughters (now 14 and 22) — Atlanta-based Karadsheh launched The Mediterranean Dish food blog 10 years ago. Quickly, her table started getting filled with more than just her friends and family.

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                          When my friends and I walked into homeroom on the first day of school this year, my teacher told all of us to put our phones in a black plastic box on an old desk by the classroom door.

                          Handing over our phones during class is an official school policy, and my teachers always make this announcement at the beginning of the school year. But teachers would usually forget about the box by third period on the first day, never to be mentioned again by the second day of school. This year, however, the policy stuck that entire first day — and every day since.
                          I asked my Latin teacher why the school was suddenly getting so strict on phones. It turns out that over the summer most of the teachers had read social psychologist Jonathan Haidt’s book “The Anxious Generation: How the Great Rewiring of Childhood Is Causing an Epidemic of Mental Illness.”

                          Haidt, the Thomas Cooley Professor of Ehtical Leadership at New York University Stern School of Business, argues that a phone-based childhood leads to mentally unhealthy kids who are unprepared for life and, in my Latin teacher’s words, it “really freaked us out.” Teachers were serious about taking our phones now.

                          It’s not just causing trouble at my school. Some 72% of public high school teachers in the United States say that cell phone distraction among their students is a major problem, according to a study published by the Pew Research Center in April. In high schools that already have cell phone policies, 60% of teachers say that the policies are very or somewhat difficult to enforce, the same study reported.

                          Several states have passed laws attempting to restrict cell phone use in schools, and California Gov. Gavin Newsom recently signed legislation requiring school districts to regulate cell phone use. At least seven of the 20 largest school districts in the nation have either banned phones during the school day or plan to do so.
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                            1. DanielMew (Virbalis) 15 часов назад #169645 Цитировать Ответить 0
                              The WNBA is having a real moment - Caitlin Clark and the league’s historic season by the numbers
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                              When many of us hear the “Fall Classic,” we automatically think of baseball’s World Series. I’m not sure that will be the case for future generations.

                              Yes, I’m being somewhat provocative with that line, but the WNBA Finals have arrived on the heels of what can only be described as a historic season for the league. Across a metric of statistics, it’s clear that America’s interest in the WNBA is at the highest point this century in large part because of Indiana Fever star Caitlin Clark.

                              Let’s start simple: Google searches. They’ve been higher this WNBA season, starting with the draft in April, than at any point since we’ve had data (2004). Searches for the WNBA are up over 300% compared to last season, up over 850% compared to five seasons ago, and have risen nearly 1,400% from a decade ago.

                              That is, the WNBA has been rising, and this year it really took off.
                              This interest has translated into revenue for the league. Attendance is up a staggering 48% from 2023. There wasn’t a single team with an average regular season home attendance of five figures (10,000+) in 2023. This season, there were six.

                              Leading the charge was Clark’s Fever. A little more than 4,000 people attended their average game in 2023, which ranked them second to last. This season, more than 17,000 did, a 319% rise that put them far and away ahead of any other WNBA team and ahead of five NBA teams, including the hometown Indiana Pacers.

                              We see the same pattern in merchandise. Sales are up 600% from last year. This includes the boost from rookie sensations Clark, who had the best-selling jersey, and Angel Reese of the Chicago Sky, who had the second-best-selling jersey.
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                                1. FrancisMiz (Falmouth) вчера в 01:40 #169640 Цитировать Ответить 0
                                  A series of cosmic outbursts
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                                  Pons-Brooks recently captured the attention of astronomers after exhibiting intriguing behavior that caused the comet to have a horned appearance and soar through our solar system.
                                  The comet has experienced a number of outbursts during the past eight months, causing it to eject gas and dust. While such releases are not uncommon in comets and a crescent or Pac-Man shape has been observed in other ones, it’s difficult to tell what is normal for Pons-Brooks.
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                                  “I would say it’s somewhat unusual in the number of outbursts it’s been having,” Schleicher said. “On the other hand, it’s not like you have good records from the past to really let you know what is typical. And I suspect given the fairly large number of outbursts that have happened over the last eight months, that this is very clearly a usual occurrence for Pons-Brooks.”

                                  Comets are chunks of dust, rock and ice, essentially frozen remnants from the formation of the solar system. They also contain frozen elements such as carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide.

                                  Comets heat up and brighten as they approach the sun, and some of the frozen gases stored in comets don’t need to warm up much before they begin to turn into vapor, Schleicher said.
                                  1. EvgeniySherementev (Loja) вчера в 01:15 #169639 Цитировать Ответить 0
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                                    застройщик Паритет Девелопмент. Он экономит на всем, строит некачественное жилье, отдел продаж нагло врет при продажах квартир. В городе Тюмени есть много порядочных застройщиков, а этот я бы никому не рекомендовал. @dontcheatpeople - телеграмм.
                                    1. FrancisMiz (Falmouth) вчера в 00:12 #169638 Цитировать Ответить 0
                                      A series of cosmic outbursts
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                                      Pons-Brooks recently captured the attention of astronomers after exhibiting intriguing behavior that caused the comet to have a horned appearance and soar through our solar system.
                                      The comet has experienced a number of outbursts during the past eight months, causing it to eject gas and dust. While such releases are not uncommon in comets and a crescent or Pac-Man shape has been observed in other ones, it’s difficult to tell what is normal for Pons-Brooks.
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                                      “I would say it’s somewhat unusual in the number of outbursts it’s been having,” Schleicher said. “On the other hand, it’s not like you have good records from the past to really let you know what is typical. And I suspect given the fairly large number of outbursts that have happened over the last eight months, that this is very clearly a usual occurrence for Pons-Brooks.”

                                      Comets are chunks of dust, rock and ice, essentially frozen remnants from the formation of the solar system. They also contain frozen elements such as carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide.

                                      Comets heat up and brighten as they approach the sun, and some of the frozen gases stored in comets don’t need to warm up much before they begin to turn into vapor, Schleicher said.
                                      1. AnthonyTop (Chisinau) вчера в 00:12 #169637 Цитировать Ответить 0
                                        Elon Musk has been getting Trumpier. A direct line to Trump may be next
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                                        Elon Musk has sought to accumulate political capital commensurate with his extravagant wealth. In the past year, Musk has publicly opined on global conflicts, met with numerous world leaders and US senators to discuss artificial intelligence and his space and satellite technologies. And he has courted senior Chinese officials on their home turf.

                                        Now he is reportedly exploring what could be his next political project: Becoming an adviser to Donald Trump, the presumptive Republican nominee for president, according to a report from the Wall Street Journal.
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                                        Musk has discussed advising Trump should he win the 2024 election, the Journal reported, citing unnamed sources. Musk called Trump directly via cellphone to explore a role that could potentially give Musk significant influence over US policies. It’s not clear based on the Journal’s reporting which party initiated conversations about the potential role.

                                        The Trump campaign did not respond to CNN’s requests for comment; Musk also did not respond to the Wall Street Journal, but Brian Hughes, a Trump campaign spokesperson, told the outlet: “President Trump will be the only voice of what role an individual plays in his presidency.”

                                        Musk pushed back on the Journal report in a post on X Thursday, saying: “There have not been any discussions of a role for me in a potential Trump Presidency.”

                                        However, a potential role in a future Trump administration could expand upon the role that Musk played in the previous Trump administration, when he served on two business advisory councils before quitting them over Trump’s decision to pull out of the Paris climate agreement.

                                        The privilege of whispering in Trump’s ear, should he win reelection, could give the billionaire – who is increasingly steeped in the rhetoric and imagery of the conservative culture wars – even more power on the global stage. Reporting that Musk and Trump’s relationship has improved comes after Musk’s politics have become more aligned with Trump’s.

                                        Musk has made supporting right-wing causes — and extremism, in some situations — increasingly central to his identity. He has vocally opposed Covid-19 lockdowns and embraced anti-vaccine ideology. He has elevated conservative speech on X, the platform formerly known as Twitter that he purchased in 2022. And he has pushed racist conspiracy theories about immigration.
                                        1. AnthonyTop (Chisinau) вчера в 23:53 #169636 Цитировать Ответить 0
                                          Elon Musk has been getting Trumpier. A direct line to Trump may be next
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                                          Elon Musk has sought to accumulate political capital commensurate with his extravagant wealth. In the past year, Musk has publicly opined on global conflicts, met with numerous world leaders and US senators to discuss artificial intelligence and his space and satellite technologies. And he has courted senior Chinese officials on their home turf.

                                          Now he is reportedly exploring what could be his next political project: Becoming an adviser to Donald Trump, the presumptive Republican nominee for president, according to a report from the Wall Street Journal.
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                                          Musk has discussed advising Trump should he win the 2024 election, the Journal reported, citing unnamed sources. Musk called Trump directly via cellphone to explore a role that could potentially give Musk significant influence over US policies. It’s not clear based on the Journal’s reporting which party initiated conversations about the potential role.

                                          The Trump campaign did not respond to CNN’s requests for comment; Musk also did not respond to the Wall Street Journal, but Brian Hughes, a Trump campaign spokesperson, told the outlet: “President Trump will be the only voice of what role an individual plays in his presidency.”

                                          Musk pushed back on the Journal report in a post on X Thursday, saying: “There have not been any discussions of a role for me in a potential Trump Presidency.”

                                          However, a potential role in a future Trump administration could expand upon the role that Musk played in the previous Trump administration, when he served on two business advisory councils before quitting them over Trump’s decision to pull out of the Paris climate agreement.

                                          The privilege of whispering in Trump’s ear, should he win reelection, could give the billionaire – who is increasingly steeped in the rhetoric and imagery of the conservative culture wars – even more power on the global stage. Reporting that Musk and Trump’s relationship has improved comes after Musk’s politics have become more aligned with Trump’s.

                                          Musk has made supporting right-wing causes — and extremism, in some situations — increasingly central to his identity. He has vocally opposed Covid-19 lockdowns and embraced anti-vaccine ideology. He has elevated conservative speech on X, the platform formerly known as Twitter that he purchased in 2022. And he has pushed racist conspiracy theories about immigration.